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Demography
| 1.2 | < Population growth |
| 1.3 |
Social
characteristics A variety of measures of socio-economic status are available from the New Zealand Census. These provide complementary views of living standards across CMDHB. The next section analyses in more detail the NZ Deprivation Index which attempts to summarise these indicators. Some of the following are based on a household analysis – there were 129,000 households in CMDHB at the 2006 census. Relative poverty, and hence income, is the single biggest determinants of health. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s incomes inequalities in New Zealand have increased, leading to greater health inequalities. While the inequalities are no longer increasing a significant gap remains in income distribution.
Shown here is the
distribution of personal income for those aged 15+ in CMDHB
(Table 1.9,
Figure 1.4) Table 1.9 CMDHB proportion of adults with income <$30,000, 1996 to 2006 by area
1.3.2 Motor vehicle ownership Currently in CMDHB it is difficult to transport oneself or ones family without a private motor vehicle. As public transport options improve this may become less of problem in future years. Lack of a private motor vehicle in a household is a useful proxy for transportation difficulties, with its potential for reducing socialisation and family support. Overall only 6% of CMDHB households (7,800 in total) did not have access to a motor vehicle in 2006, a drop from 8% in 2001 and 10% in 1996 (Figure 1.5). The areas with the largest gains were Otara and Mangere – all areas now have non-ownership rates of less than 10%.
1.3.3 Access to telecommunications Social connectedness and cohesion are important to the health of individuals and families. Access to a telephone or other telecommunication device is an important component of being able to communicate with others. Although rates of owner ship are very high there remain households who do not have access to such a basic commodity. Overall only 2% of CMDHB households did not have access to a telephone (including mobile-only) in 2006, a drop from 5% in 2001 and 8% in 1996 (Figure 1.6). This still represents 3100 households, so the problem has not disappeared completely. The areas with the lowest ownership rates were Otara (6%) and Mangere (4%) – both areas have had marked gains over the past 10 years. 1.3.4 Unemployment Employment is the main contributor to an adequate income (see income section below). Employment also enhances social status, improves self-esteem, provides social contact and enhances opportunities for participation and activity. There are many different measures of unemployment – here we show two different definitions, firstly being in receipt of the unemployment benefit, secondly adults defining themselves as unemployed. Overall 5% of CMDHB families had at least one member receiving an unemployment benefit at the time of the 2006 Census (Table 1.10). This was down from 8% in 2001 and 11% in 1996. This still represents over 6000 households. The areas with the highest unemployment numbers were Manurewa and Mangere, while Mangere (10%) and Otara (10%) had the highest proportions and showed the largest gains over the past 10 years. Table 1.10 CMDHB families receiving unemployment benefit 1996 to 2006 by area
1.3.5 Single parent families Being a single parent family is has a major impact on an adequate income (see income section below). Difficulties also arise with self-esteem and social cohesion - opportunities for participation and activity. Here we use receipt of the Domestic Purposes Benefit (DPB) as a measure of single parent families in need of income support. Overall 9% of CMDHB families were in receipt of a DPB at the time of the 2006 Census (Table 1.11). This was down from11% in 2001 and 12% in 1996, but still represents over 10,000 households. The areas with the highest numbers were Manurewa (2,670) and Mangere (1,630), while Otara (15%) and Manurewa (14%) had the highest proportions. Over the past 10 years in CMDHB the number of families receiving a DPB has remained fairly constant despite the large population increases seen – hence the reducing percentages. Table 1.11 CMDHB families receiving domestic purposes benefit 1996 to 2006 by area
1.3.6 Invalid and sickness benefits People too unwell to work represent the some of the most vulnerable adults in our communities. Adequate income support is vital. Overall 6% of CMDHB families were in receipt of either a sickness or invalid benefit at the time of the 2006 Census (Table 1.12). The proportion of families has remained reasonably constant since 1996. The areas with the highest numbers were Manurewa (1,560) and Mangere (1,340), while Otara (11%) and Manurewa (11%) had the highest proportions. Over the past 10 years in CMDHB the number of families receiving a sickness or invalid benefit has increased by about 220 a year at about the same rate as overall population growth, reaching 7,180 by 2006. Table 1.12 CMDHB families receiving sickness or invalids benefit 1996 to 2006 by area
1.3.7 Home ownership Housing tenure is an important part of personal and community stability and security. Housing tenure has been linked directly to mortality, with people in rented accommodation having higher premature mortality rates than owner-occupiers. As house prices rise house ownership is becoming increasingly difficult within the urban areas. Overall 47% of CMDHB adults were living in a house owned or partly owned by a member of their household at the time of the 2006 Census (Table 1.13). This represented a drop of 3% from the 2001 Census. The only areas with rates of 50% were Franklin, botany/Clevedon and Howick/Pakuranga. Otara (27%) and Mangere (31%) had significantly lower proportions than other localities, reflecting their past history of large Housing New Zealand investment. Of all the areas only Franklin has not seen a drop in housing ownership in the 5 years from 2001 to 2006 - Figure 1.8 shows the fall from 2001 to 2006. Table 1.13 CMDHB persons aged 15+ by house ownership 2001 to 2006 by area
Owner-occupier = member of a
household which owns or partly owns usual residence;
1.3.8 Educational qualifications Coupled with employment and income educational attainment is a critical element of a person’s social and economic status. Low educational attainment is strongly linked to poor health status. There are a number of ways of analysing educational attainment. Here we use two: the number of adults with no formal education qualification; and the number of adults in study. Overall 24% of CMDHB adults held no qualification at the time of the 2006 Census (Table 1.14). This represented a significant drop from 35% in 1996, but only a 1% fall from 2001. The two areas standing out with low rates of no qualification (the corollary being they had high educational attainment) were Botany/Clevedon (15%) and Howick/Pakuranga (15%). Otara (29%) and Mangere (29%) had significantly poorer proportions, with Manurewa and Papakura closely following. This remains a major issue particularly for Maori and Pacific families as to how to improve the future prospect of their youth. Table 1.14 CMDHB persons aged 15+ with no educational qualification 1996 to 2006 by area
Howick/Pakuranga has more than twice the number of adults in full-time or part-time study as any other locality, making up 26% of all such in CMDHB. Howick/Pakuranga and Botany/Clevedon had much higher proportions of people in full-time or part-time study than did the other localities in CMDHB (while people can be in study at any age, if we assume that the majority will be in the 15-29 age groups then nearly twice the proportion of 15-29 year olds were in study there compared with Otara and Mangere). The further localities are from the tertiary institutions the higher the proportions in part-time rather than full-time study, with Franklin having the lowest proportion (61%). Table 1.15 CMDHB persons aged 15+ participating in study in 2006 by area
Note - study participation is of all ages 15+; 15-29 year olds merely used as a comparator 1.3.9 Immigration Long-term benefits of immigration on society are normally very positive, particularly with business migrants with good employment and income prospects. Such migrants tend to be healthier than average; however language and system knowledge barrier may make the use of health services more difficult. Over a third of CMDHB residents were born outside New Zealand at the time of the 2006 Census (Table 1.16). This represented a significant increase from 27% in 1996, and is a vivid marker of the significant migration flows fuelling growth in CMDHB over the past 10 years. The highest area was Howick/Pakuranga (46%), followed closely by Botany/Clevedon and Papatoetoe (44%), and Otara (43%). The area with the highest absolute increase over the 10 years was Botany/Clevedon (13,560), followed by Howick/Pakuranga (12,250) and Manurewa (10,900). Overall a net additional 61,700 people who were born outside NZ resided in CMDHB in 2006 compared with 1996, or a net change of more than 6,000 per year. The lowest rates were in Franklin (17%) and Papakura (20%). Even in the area with the slowest growth, Papakura, a net additional 250 non-NZ born people settled per year. Table 1.16 CMDHB persons aged 15+ with no educational qualification 1996 to 2006 by area
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| 1.4 | New Zealand Deprivation Index (NZDep06) > |
Published: 29-Sep-2008 | Website queries: Web Content Manager